Asleep Until the Resurrection? Soul Sleep, Consciousness, and the Limits of Biblical Inference

This article examines whether biblical descriptions of death as sleep imply unconsciousness until the resurrection. Through close readings of Ecclesiastes, Daniel, John, Paul’s letters, Luke, and Revelation, it considers the strongest arguments for soul sleep and conscious fellowship with Christ after death. Historical discussion draws on Irenaeus, Calvin’s Psychopannychia, the Westminster Confession, and Seventh-day Adventist teaching. The article argues that sleep language alone does not establish unconsciousness. Several New Testament passages provide substantial grounds for conscious fellowship with Christ, although they leave the nature of that experience largely unexplained. Bodily resurrection remains central to Christian hope. The discussion also considers personal identity, the experience of time, and responsible pastoral language about death and grief.