This article examines the Carpocratians and the followers of Prodicus as heterodox micro-movements within second-century Christianity. Because neither community left a surviving body of literature in its own voice, their teachings must be reconstructed primarily from the hostile accounts of Irenaeus, Clement of…
Modern scholarship has rightly challenged simplified representations of early Christianity as a completely unified movement subjected to continuous, empire-wide persecution. Christian communities differed in theology, practice, authority, and textual tradition, while Roman responses to Christianity varied considerably across periods and regions. Nevertheless, critical…
This academic study develops a theology of ecclesial memory through the letters to the seven churches in Revelation 2–3. It argues that the risen Christ remembers what churches selectively preserve, suppress, rename, or forget. The paper examines Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia,…