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Valentinian Christianity remains one of the most sophisticated and contested forms of second-century Christian thought. Its cosmological language - Pleroma, aeons, Sophia, Demiurge, spiritual seed, and bridal chamber - has often been compressed into a simple story of a fallen Wisdom and an…
This article examines the submerged early Christian basilica in Lake İznik (ancient Nicaea) and the newly reported archaeological evidence for an earlier church phase beneath the later structure. It evaluates the possibility that this earlier sacred building was connected with the First Council…
When Georgian-speaking Christians began translating Scripture, liturgy, and patristic writing, they inherited no single Greek word that could simply be carried across as “holiness.” Greek Christian texts drew upon a crowded semantic field: hagios named what belonged to God and, substantivally, the saints;…
This article examines a problem that sits between neuroscience and Christian resurrection theology: what happens to personal identity when memory is damaged, fragmented, or lost? Dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, severe amnesia, and traumatic memory make the question difficult because autobiographical memory is closely tied…
Traditional systematic theology has often treated animals as secondary to humanity, mentioning them within creation and providence while rarely developing their theological and eschatological significance. This article addresses that gap through Romans 8:19–22 and related biblical texts. The article argues that non-human creation…
The palimpsests preserved at St Catherine’s Monastery on Mount Sinai contain an important body of erased Christian Palestinian Aramaic Gospel material. Recovered through modern multispectral imaging, these fragments provide evidence for both the history of biblical translation and the Christological memory of Palestinian…
This article examines early Georgian, Christian Palestinian Aramaic, and Geʽez biblical translation as forms of theological interpretation rather than as secondary witnesses to Greek and Latin Christianity. Each tradition emerged within a distinct cultural and ecclesial environment, yet all three demonstrate that translation…
This article examines the practical management of material resources in late-antique Christian communities. While histories of early Christianity often concentrate on councils, creeds, bishops, and theological controversies, churches also had to manage land, buildings, oil, wax, grain, clothing, liturgical objects, donations, charitable distributions,…
This article examines the origins of episcopal adjudication before the reign of Constantine. Rather than treating imperial legislation as the beginning of Christian judicial authority, it argues that bishops were already resolving disputes within Christian communities during the second and third centuries. Beginning…
Modern scholarship has rightly challenged simplified representations of early Christianity as a completely unified movement subjected to continuous, empire-wide persecution. Christian communities differed in theology, practice, authority, and textual tradition, while Roman responses to Christianity varied considerably across periods and regions. Nevertheless, critical…
Extreme ascetic practices among the Desert Fathers and Stylites have traditionally been interpreted through theological, spiritual, and historical frameworks. Solitude, fasting, repetitive prayer, sensory deprivation, prolonged standing, and bodily exposure are commonly understood as forms of renunciation, spiritual warfare, discipline, and devotion to…
This paper presents a theological and historical study of the seven churches addressed in Revelation chapters 2–3. By examining the biblical text alongside its first-century historical and cultural context, the study explores the spiritual condition, challenges, and distinctive messages given to each church:…